To What Extent Is Winston And Julias Relationship Credible

Table of Contents Introduction Winston and Julia’s Relationship Conclusion Reference List Introduction Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) is a compelling novel regarding science fiction in the twentieth century. It is written by George Orwell, a renowned writer, and reflects on various aspect of the society at that time. It outlines some elements on how the state could use its power to dominate or influence the lives of people primarily through the aspect of cultural conditioning as the Party can manipulate and control the people through totalitarianism policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is Winston And Julia’s Relationship Credible? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be seen clearly by how Winston Smith personality is manipulated to the extent that he is not only integrated into the Party’s image but also comes to adore Big Brother though involuntarily. According to the author, the novel is intended to enlighten society on the kind of society they should desire. Winston and Julia are characters in the story, and this piece of work gives an insight into the credibility of their relationship. Winston and Julia’s Relationship Winston Smith belonged to the outside party from Oceania, which represented America and England in reality. He for an extended period kept his feelings to himself until the latter due to fear of being punished as the state was ruthless. His rebellion against Big Brother results in his arrest and mistreatment. Julia, on the other hand, is a young, beautiful and strong woman a kind which does not in any way attract or interest Winston and this makes him hate her so much. However, Julia seems interested in Winston through her acts and at the end of it all we find them falling in love with each other an aspect that was not expected to bear the fact that they were quite different in regard to various aspects of life most sp ecifically the intellectual capabilities although they were both rebellious of the Party. Their reasoning, perspectives, and inspirations were entirely parallel due to some differences in age among other factors. For instance, Winston thought of how the future generations could have a much better life free from the influence of the Party as it was before the party took over leadership, but Julia could not think of this since she did not know of life before the Party. She was rebellious just for the sake of being against the party but nothing much. Their love affair started in a very peculiar manner where Julia falls, and Winston offers to assist her just as he would do to any other person. It was at this moment that Julia gets the advantage of airing what she had longed for a considerable time by giving him a note in which she had written that she loved him. Although Winston had been unreceptive towards women and particularly Julia, he was touched by the words in the note, and their love affair kicked off although they kept the affair secret for a long time (Brodeur and Orwell 1995). The love relationship between Winston and Julia does not seem genuine and credible due to the circumstances that surround it. There appear that there is no complete love between them and there is a lack of emotional connection although they both have the desire of loving one another as can been seen through their desire to stay together.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their relationship seems to be founded much on the idea of companionship which was not provided in the Party’s society rather than love. The political rebellion was the foundation of their affair, and passionate love was lacking. The existence of the common idea of being against the Party is also a contributing factor towards their togetherness as they can easily confide in each other in their struggl e to rebel against the party and in so doing avoid being lonely. The love relationship between them did not go far, and they eventually departed as they both betrayed each other which could have been avoided if they truly loved one another. They could even end up marrying each other (Katifer 2008). Winston and Julia relationship is a good one and makes the novel fulfill its purpose. In the relationship, Julia teaches Winston the idea of love and the love feeling is then manipulated and directed towards Big Brother. The relationship also brings out the human nature where there is usually both love and betrayal. Loyalty and commitment are aspects that can be linked to the relationship between them, and this differentiates Winton and Julia’s relationship from those that have been influenced by the totalitarian state that was in power during their time (Amadae 2003). Conclusion It is evident that the credibility of the relationship between Winston and Julia is questionable due to the basis in which it is founded. Political rebellion is however clearly shown through their relationship and the society at that time is well depicted. We find the two actors betraying each other even with the knowledge that their staying together would play a significant role in freeing themselves from the Big Brother hence proving their rationale. Reference List Amadae, S.M, 2003. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism. The USA, University of Chicago Press. Brodeur, K, and Orwell, G. 1995. George Orwell’s 1984. USA, Research Education Assoc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is Winston And Julia’s Relationship Credible? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Katifer, 2008. Winston Julia relationship. Web. This essay on To What Extent Is Winston And Julia’s Relationship Credible? was written and submitted by user Vivienne Wall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Mathematics And Anthropology

Mathematics and Anthropology The ancient Mayans, for instance, used a base number of twenty in their calculations, twenty being the total number of digits on the human body. Their written system of numerals made working with twenty fairly easy – four horizontal bars above one another represented twenty units of five each, with individual units represented by a dot. Fourteen was thus denoted as two bars with four dots above. Counting systems based on units of five and twenty have also been found in Papua New Guinea. Other cultural traditions have used varying methods of counting, some by twos, some by fours, up until sixty, as with the ancient Sumerians. Mathematics is used, consciously or not, in a variety of cultural activities: in the creation and ornamentation of architectural structures; in figuring kin relations; in activities such as sewing, weaving, and beading; in hunting and navigation; in agricultural work such as laying out plots or understanding weather patterns and seasonal scheduling; in cooking and trade; in recreational activities such as gambling and gaming; as well as in spiritual symbolism.... Free Essays on Mathematics And Anthropology Free Essays on Mathematics And Anthropology Mathematics and Anthropology The ancient Mayans, for instance, used a base number of twenty in their calculations, twenty being the total number of digits on the human body. Their written system of numerals made working with twenty fairly easy – four horizontal bars above one another represented twenty units of five each, with individual units represented by a dot. Fourteen was thus denoted as two bars with four dots above. Counting systems based on units of five and twenty have also been found in Papua New Guinea. Other cultural traditions have used varying methods of counting, some by twos, some by fours, up until sixty, as with the ancient Sumerians. Mathematics is used, consciously or not, in a variety of cultural activities: in the creation and ornamentation of architectural structures; in figuring kin relations; in activities such as sewing, weaving, and beading; in hunting and navigation; in agricultural work such as laying out plots or understanding weather patterns and seasonal scheduling; in cooking and trade; in recreational activities such as gambling and gaming; as well as in spiritual symbolism....

Overview of the Chinese Yangshao Culture

Overview of the Chinese Yangshao Culture The Yangshao culture is the term for an ancient civilization that existed in what is now central China (Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces primarily) between the years 5000 and 3000 B.C.E. It was first discovered in 1921 the name â€Å"Yangshao† is taken from the name of the village where it was first discovered but since its initial discovery, thousands of sites have been uncovered. The most important site, Banpo, was found in 1953. Facets of the Yangshao Culture Agriculture was of paramount importance to the Yangshao people, and they produced many crops, although millet was particularly common. They also grew vegetables (mostly root vegetables) and raised livestock including chicken, pigs, and cows. These animals were mostly not generally raised for slaughter, though, as meat was eaten only on special occasions. Understanding of animal husbandry is thought to have increased significantly during this time. Although the Yangshao people had a primitive understanding of agriculture, they also fed themselves in part via hunting, gathering, and fishing. They accomplished this through the use of precisely-crafted stone tools including arrows, knives, and axes. They also used stone tools such as chisels in their farming work. In addition to stone, the Yangshao also cared intricate bone tools. The Yangshao lived together in houses huts, really built in pits with wooden frames holding up mud-plastered walls and thatched millet roofs. These houses were clustered in groups of five, and clusters of houses were arranged around a village’s central square. The perimeter of the village was a furrow, outside which were a communal kiln and cemetery. The kiln was used for the creation of pottery, and it is this pottery that has truly impressed archaeologists. The Yangshao were capable of making a significant variety of pottery shapes, including urns, basins, tripod containers, bottles of various shapes, and jars, many of which came with decorative covers or accessories shaped like animals. They were even capable of making complex, purely ornamental designs, like boat shapes. Yangshao pottery was also often painted with intricate designs, often in earth tones. Unlike more recent pottery cultures, it appears the Yangshao never developed pottery wheels. One of the most famous pieces, for example, is an exquisite basin painted with a fishlike design and a human face, originally used as a burial object and perhaps indicative of a Yangshao belief in animal totems. Yangshao children seem to have been often buried in painted pottery jars. In terms of clothing, the Yangshao people wore mostly hemp, which they wove themselves into simple shapes like loincloths and cloaks. They did also occasionally make silk and it’s possible some Yangshao villages even cultivated silkworms, but silk clothing was rare and mostly the province of the rich. Banpo Civilization Site The Banpo site, first discovered in 1953, is considered typical of the Yangshao culture. It consisted of a village area of about 12 acres, surrounded by a ditch (which may once have been a moat) nearly 20 feet wide. As described above, the houses were mud and wood huts with thatched roofs, and the dead were buried in a communal cemetery. Although it’s not clear to what extent, if at all, the Yangshao people had any sort of written language, Banpo pottery does contain a number of symbols (22 have been found so far) that are found repeatedly on different pieces of pottery. They tend to appear alone, and so almost certainly do not constitute true written language, they may be something akin to makers’ signatures, clan markings, or the marks of owners. There is some debate as to whether the Banpo site  and the Yangshao culture as a whole were matriarchal or patriarchal. The Chinese archaeologists initially investigating it reported it had been a matriarchal society, but newer research suggests that may not be the case, or that it might have been a society in the process of transferring from matriarchy to patriarchy.

Website Design. User Experience and Usability Essay

Website Design. User Experience and Usability - Essay Example 4). Interaction design is likewise defined as an aesthetic facilitation between human beings and products or services that are perceived with certain ‘awareness’ due to the microprocessors that can sense and respond to tabs and keys used as prompts and commands (Saffers, 2007, p. 4). Being engineered to respond to human beings, there are embed rules, methods, and scientific contextual nuances targeted at responding to problems and circumstances (Saffers, 2007, p. 4). With the recent influx of collaborative media, information technology and its software become essential in practicing ‘digitally mediated practices’ through collaborative action based on â€Å"cross-medial infrastructures (Parviainen, Tuuri, & Pirhunen, 2013, p. 103).† Computers for instance became more functional and have increasing became a necessity for daily use because it is engineered with disciplined design, structures, and communicative processes that are truly instrumental for in teraction and for online discourse (Parviainen et.al., 2013, p. 103). This is developed by people who invented interactive technology to hasten the â€Å"reduction of physical action and cognitive load of users (Lowgren & Reimer, 2013, p. 86).† ... ion technology-dependent persons because ideas evolved into digitized realities that have seemingly traced realities into digital forms (Moggridge, 2006, p. 1). Such is significant because it has scaled up entrepreneurial design for the development of technology (Moggridge, 2006, p. 1). For instance, a person, as a user of computer and or of the online social network, or of software programs embed in it will certainly be able to appreciate it when user is able to read and understand the methods and its application. These logical systems and methods or approaches must be read well to fully enjoy its functionality. Gube (2010) explained that user experience refer to the interfacing of system or a website generally detailing on human-computer interaction (p. 1). At its maximum, a tech experience can appreciate its utility if the technology can interact with human factors, produce accessibility, make use of it for marketing, do ergonomics and bolster system performance (Gube, 2010, p. 1) . As such, the web can be valued of its efficiency, services and creative functionalities (Gube, 2010, p. 1). Must be user-centered Gube (2010) asserted that the web engineering must be user-centered or must be tailored sensitively in accordance to the needs of the users or subscribers (p. 1). Gube (2010) defined user-centered design as technological architecture that is design to fit to the needs of users (p. 1). Business experts contended that a product can only jibed with utilitarian value when products are developed to answer the needs of clients or the market (Gube, 2010, p. 1). The sales of these goods cannot be appreciated when it lacks value and is bereft of meaning for clients (Gube, 2010, p. 1). That’s why technologies these days are modelled by its usefulness, multi-tasks

Matthew Broadrick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matthew Broadrick - Essay Example His father provided him with a stage at the age of seventeen in a workshop construction. His occupation grew majorly in two Neil Simon schemes that include the play, Brighton Beach Memoirs (1982 and 1983), and the famous film Max Dugan Returns, launched in the year 1983. He reprised the position of Eugene in the Biloxi Blues in the year 1988; he also participated in the second installment of the Simon trilogy, for both Broadway production and in the film adaption. In the third and the final installation of the trilogy, Jonathan Silverman replaced Matthew. He had his first big-screen success in the light comedy War Games in the year 1983 (Mecchi 1). He produced some of the best films that happened to be among the great hits in the film industry that include Project X (1987), which starred Helen Hunt whom he dated, Inspector Gadget in the year 1999, addicted to love in the year 1997. He has also appeared in other films that include Out on a Limb in the year 1992, the Night We Never Met in the year 1993, The Road to Wellsville in the year 1994, and The Cable Guy in the year 1996, which he produced with Jim Carrey that gave him The Best Fight award nomination. He had a car crash in year 1985, as he drove in Ireland with his beloved fiancà ©e Jennifer Grey. In that accident, a woman and her daughter were killed. In that case, he was free but he paid a fine to the relatives of the victims. In the car accident, he broke his leg. He returned to the New York stage in the revivals of old show plays such as ‘show the public how to succeed in business without much trying (Mecchi 2). In the year 1996, Broadrick co-produced the Infinity. He worked with his mother, and she wrote the screenplay. He did not manage to succeed as a director. He married Sarah Jessica Parker, who is also an actress. In his life, he dated Lili Taylor and was engaged to Helen Hunt. Broadrick came back to Broadway in musical

Strategic HR Approach Essay Example for Free

Strategic HR Approach Essay A HR Director has many job responsibilities throughout the work day. They ensure that payroll and accounting are done properly; they are in charge of the hiring and training of new employees. They must also keep up to date information and training for current employees who wish to continue to work for the company. Also HR directors also have to deal with the termination of employees. One other task which HR directors must deal with is employee safety. They must ensure the company and the employees are following all federal and state guidelines. By following all safety and security measures maintains the employer and employee have proper balance within the workplace. Listed below are four case scenarios in which I, as the HR director, must ensure all federal guidelines are being met by the company to offer the best outcome for the employees involved. Case Scenario 1: Medical Bills This employee has been a dedicated employee within the company for the past 25 years of service. They have been diagnosed with cancer which has required them to be hospitalized for two months. While in the hospital, they have accumulated a numerous amount of medical bills due to different treatment options. With the mounting amount of medical bills and no work, this employee is seeking additional help from the employer with additional medical costs and to help cover the cost of these bills. The company is already following state and federal guidelines by covering their 80% coverage and the individual pays the remaining 20% coverage. Also the employee has paid into disability insurance and the company is complying with that additional coverage as well, as the employee takes an extended leave of absence. It has been deemed the employee’s cancer was not due to working and hazardous materials from the company, so the employer is under no obligation to cover anymore medical expenses. Another step which can be taken for the employee to help offset the cost of treatment is the company can host several fundraisers for the employee and their family. All the money either donated or raised through the fundraiser can be set up in account which will cover the cost of current and any additional medical bills. Although not required by the company to take these extra steps, it can bring coworkers together to help in times of need and boost employee morale around the office as well. Case Scenario 2: Accidents with New Management â€Å"Accidents have been occurring in a department of 10 employees under a new supervisor. With the change in management, employees who worked for the company for more than 4 years complain that the new supervisor frequently micromanages, whereas the supervisor complains that the employees do not respect him because he is new and younger than his subordinates. Aside from the accidents, the supervisor thinks the team performance is below average† (University of Phoenix, 2012). The HR Director has many options which they can choose from to handle this rather difficult situation which are legally legit. One of the first things the HR Director needs to do is have a mandatory meeting with the supervisor in charge. There is a proper way to manage and lead a team to achieve results. Talking down to them and micromanaging them over every move is not the proper way. With constant micromanagement, the employees may feel like they are being babysat and hounded. They will not be able to get any work done which in turn will increase the low production rate and not only frustrate the employees but the supervisor as well. To earn respect of the employees, the supervisor also needs to give some respect to them and not talk down to them. The HR Director’s next step is to explain to the supervisor and the employees of the company’s safety guidelines and their accordance with OSHA (Occupational Safety Health Administration). â€Å"Under the OSH Act, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace. OSHAs mission is to assure safe and healthful workplaces by setting and enforcing standards, and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. Employers must comply with all applicable OSHA standards. Employers must also comply with the General Duty Clause of the OSH Act, which requires employers to keep their workplace free of serious recognized hazards† (United States Department of Labor, 2012). All workplace safety and health standards must be in compliance of OSHA. Any company that is not in compliance with OSHA can face severe penalties. Also the HR director needs to inform the supervisor and employees that if all OSHA guidelines are met this will lower the illness and injury prevention. With a lower injury and illness prevention more work can be done and increase productivity for the entire company. â€Å"Most successful injury and illness prevention programs are based on a common set of key elements. These include: management leadership, worker participation, hazard identification, hazard prevention and control, education and training, and program evaluation and improvement† (United States Department of Labor, 2012). Following these guidelines and programs will prevent more injuries and illness at the workplace. This will also lower the cost of sick pay leave and insurance premiums can also remain relatively low. Also a company does not what and a reputation as an unsafe and hazardous workplace. This will cost the company billions of dollars as more people will not be willing to either work for the company or consumers will not want to purchase products from this company as well. The supervisor, who follows and implements these new changes will gain more respect from their employees as well, will have increase in productivity, and also employee morale will increase throughout the company. Case Scenario 3: Workplace Tardiness * â€Å"A recently hired female employee was late more than eight times during her * employment and was terminated because of the tardiness. The employee came back with a union representative asking to be rehired. She claims that some male employees and another female employee have been late many times. None of these employees have been terminated. The other female employee has not been fired because she is the manager’s wife† (University of Phoenix, 2012). This terminated employee is allowed to have a union representative review the case as deemed acceptable by OSHA guidelines. Since the company and HR director refused to terminate the other two employees who also were tardy on numerous occasions, the fired employee has the right to file suit for being terminated due to discrimination. The company was following proper procedure for this one employee but not for the others and this one employee was singled out. All the employees should have been terminated immediately for their tardiness. Under OSHA guidelines â€Å"If you have been punished or discriminated against for using your rights, you must file a complaint with OSHA within 30 days of the alleged reprisal for most complaints† (United States Department of Labor, 2012). Once the complaint was filed a proper investigation between an OSHA investigator and HR Director will be conducted to ensure all policies are adhered to by the employer. * Case Scenario 4: Employee returns to work after baby * A once high performing employee has returned to work after only taking a three week maternity leave. Since her return, her work productivity has drastically decreased; she has been distant with co-workers and at times to melancholy to work with. She has lost interest with her professional work attire and has become discombobulated with her daily work functions and duties. With her decrease in performance has had a great impact on the company as well. The company needs to let her know that she is able to take the full six week leave of absence which they provide and will not affect her job standing. The employee also has the option to file a â€Å"12 week leave of absence in the event of a birth of a child and to care for the newborn child within one year of birth† (United States Department of Labor, 2012). This will give the new mother the needed rest she needs and then can return to work and be more productive again. This will not only help her and her family but also the company as well. * These scenarios occur daily throughout our lives. Many times they may not be handled properly and result in investigation and lawsuit. A properly trained HR director will be able to sort through these scenarios and take the necessary steps that are legal and beneficial to both employee and employer. Following proper legal rights and laws will increase work productivity and morale for all parties involved. * References United States Department of Labor. (2012). Family Medical Leave Act. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/whd/fmla/ United States Department of Labor. (2012). Injury and Illness Prevention Programs. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/safetyhealth/index.html United States Department of Labor. (2012). OSHA Laws Regulations. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/law-regs.html University of Phoenix. (2012). University of Phoenix: Individual Strategic Approach. Retrieved from http://https://portal.phoenix.edu/classroom/coursematerials/hrm_552/20120925/OSIRIS:43038327

Industrial France And England :: essays research papers

Andrew Battaini   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2/16/00 Industrial France and England   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact Industrial Revolution was immense on the countries of France and England, which caused large changes in the social classes. Another class of peoples emerged in England and France; they were the middle classes. The middle class was made up of intelligent people who made their money through their smarts and not how they were born. This was clearly proven in France when it's middle class emerged and being influenced by the philosophies filtered ideas of natural rights (life, liberty, and property). This in turn created ideas of revolution in France which eventually overthrew the monarch and set up there own government. Both of these countries however used the Industrial Revolution to there advantage in terms of new inventions and bettering the economy. This essay will show the impact of the Industrial Revolution on France and England.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  England started its Industrial Revolution at its peak by first having the proper tools available at the right time. One of the reasons England did so well before the Industrial Revolution was that it had a strong merchant marine which got the materials that didn't occur naturally on there island. This also allowed them to gain news of technological advances and soon machines replaced the gape where workers couldn't be because of the limited work force. And due to England's supremacy of the sea anything they couldn't make now they could trade for it. This led to a better economy, which fell into the time slot of the industrial revolution. Through out all of this the classes remained the same except the small percent of peasants that moved up to the middle class. Family life was very similar through out Europe and there was no exception in England , the father was the head of the family and worked while the women stayed home and took care of the children an did most of the household chores. Rural life did not change much but urban life did with people moving to the cities to work in factories so population in cities grew gradually, but this sudden flood of people made many of them homeless because there was not enough room for them ,so they ether walked many miles to work or if lucky enough a person could find a room to live in. This view of the industrial revolution in England shows that it was beneficial for the economy and upper class but it was horrid for

For small businesses, does the reality of using social and new media in marketing live up to the promise? A qualitative study amongst business owners in the UK

Abstract The area of emerging technology and marketing has become an topic of increased debate as the potential to reach more consumers and provide real savings for small business is created. This study assesses the impact that emerging communication technology has had on the marketing efforts of small businesses in the UK. 1 Introduction1.1 Research TopicThis study assesses the impact that emerging communication technology has on the marketing efforts of small businesses in the UK. In order to properly evaluate each element, this study uses a survey given to several owners and operators in the UK coupled with a case study centred on the small business in the London area to provide evidence for industry and cultural assessment. These factors will be used to illustrate detailed components of operation and implementation for small businesses in the UK. With a focus for identifying distinct themes in the survey results, this research seeks to combine working experience with social expectation to provide an illustration of potential opportunity.1.2 Objectives1) Assess technological impact on small business 2) Evaluate how communication technology provides opportunities for growth.1.3 Research questions1) What are the challenges faced by small business in marketing? 2) Can improved consumer outreach improve revenue? 3) Does new technology offer a competitive edge for small business? 2 Review of Literature2.1 Small Business ChallengesMarketing is an essential element of small business strategy (Safko et al, 2009). With a clear need to remain in the consumer eye, marketing has the potential to make or break any small business (Qualman, 2009).2.1.1 Current MethodsCurrent methods of marketing include television, print and word of mouth (Qualman, 2008). Further, any advertising must be local or regional, facing increased cost (Safko et al, 2009).2.1.2. Emerging methodsInternet and communication technology provide social media, online content and increased consumer exposure for small businesses(Berthon et al, 2012; Fischer et al, 2011;Weinberg et al, 2011). Networking and comprehensive data bases encourage consumers to look deeply into a small business, providing ample opportunity for revenue growth.2.2 Small business Competitive Strategy and opportunities for growthUsing technology to reach consumers, aids outreach as well as provides a new and growing market for any business (Baird et al, 2011).2.3 Spending and Consumer OutreachModern methods of marketing require crucial funds that could otherwise to other areas of a small business strategy (Wienberg et al, 2011). This increased leeway provides opportunity for reinvestment in the infrastructure.2.4 Working TheoryUsing a thematic survey approach provides critical evidence to any working research (Perri et al, 2012). Combined with an assessment of the case study using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, establishes the likelihood of adoption and implementation (Hofstede et al, 2010). 3 Methodology3.1 ApproachThis study is best approach with the Qualitative, Interpretivism process (Perri, 2012). Initial evidence will be provided using a survey given to between 100-150 respondents creating data that will be assessed using a thematic, coding approach (Perri, 2012). Case study is based on the small business sector in London, UK which provides government facts and official figure (Perri, 2012). The evidence is combined and evaluated using the thematic coding to identify themes in the material followed by a Hofstede analysis to provide useable examples of impact and improvement.3.2 Research StrategyQualitative research based on surveys and case study (Perri, 2012).3.3 Data Collection Instruments and MethodsSurvey and questionnaire coupled with a modern case study taken from online databases, official sites, journals and books. 4 Analysis4.1 Case Study of Small Business in London, UK 2010-20144.1.1 Thematic analysis of surveysIdentifying themes that relate to the positive or negative experience of technology use in marketing (Perri, 2012).4.1.2. Hofstede’s Cultural dimensions evaluation of case study and surveysProvides a working cultural understanding as to why or why not small business owners are embracing new technology opportunities (Hofstede et al, 2010).4.2 Discussion5 Conclusion and Recommendations5.1 Conclusion5.2 Recommendation6 References Baird, C. and Parasnis, G. (2011). From social media to social customer relationship management. Strategy & Leadership, 39(5), pp.30–37. Berthon, P., Pitt, L., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business Horizons, 55(3), pp.261–271. Evans, D. (2008). Social media marketing. 1st ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley. Fischer, E. and Reuber, A. (2011). Social interaction via new social media:(How) can interactions on Twitter affect effectual thinking and behavior?. Journal of business venturing, 26(1), pp.1–18. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. and Christodoulides, G. (2011). Usage, barriers and measurement of social media marketing: An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands.Industrial Marketing Management, 40(7), pp.1153–1159. Qualman, E. (2009). Socialnomics. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Safko, L. and Brake, D. (2009). The social media bible. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. Weinberg, B. and Pehlivan, E. (2011). Social spending: Managing the social media mix. Business Horizons, 54(3), pp.275–282. Weinberg, T. (2009). The new community rules. 1st ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly.

Discuss the effectiveness of the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations’ Essay

Charles Dickens was a very famous writer who was born 7th February 1812. One of most famous books is ‘Great Expectations’ which was serialised in 1860. ‘Great Expectations’ is about a young infant boy called Pip (Philip Pirrip) whose mother, father and five little brothers are all departed. His sister Mrs Joe Gargery and her husband Mr Joe Gargery, a blacksmith, then looked after Pip. The novel ‘Great Expectations’ begins very swiftly and promptly, as the start of the novel sees Pip visiting his deceased family. I think this is very effective in a story like this because straight away Dickens wants to show Pip’s isolation and fear, as he stands alone before his families’ gravestones at the start of the novel and how he explains that his sister ‘brought him up by hand’, this means that his sister would beat him if he did something wrong. This was not uncommon at the time when this novel was written because in the 19th Century, orphans and convicted criminals, like Pip and Magwich, were very badly treated and physically abused; the treatment that these unfortunate people suffered was inhumane. Dickens knew that this was not right so one of the main reasons why Dickens wrote this novel was to inform and notify the audience about the mistreating of orphans and convicts. He tried to change society by writing other novels as well based on the same principal such as Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickelby. In the story I think Dickens describes the environmental scenery very effectively as he describes Magwich in the same way. Also the bleak environment works well together with the isolation and fear of Pip while alone in the graveyard. There is a good comparison between the description of the environment and with the description of Magwich as they are both described as bleak, grim and frightening. The environment is described as † Bleak, desolate place overgrown with nettles, and the dark, flat wilderness beyond the churchyard† and the convict is describes as † A fearful man, all in coarse grey†. I think Dickens has purposely done this to make the opening chapter more effective to the audience and more alarming to Pip. However even thought Magwich is describes as frightening and horrendous, the way Dickens describes him and the language that he uses, make us feel quite sympathetic towards Magwich, † torn by briars, stung by nettles, soaked in water, smothered in mud etc†, this quotation from the novel makes us feel sorry for the unfortunate convict. Dickens’s storyline and words also makes us feel sorry for young Pip as in the past he has lost his Mother, Father and five younger Brothers and the fright of being ‘held hostage’ by Magwich. In addition to Magwich’s fright Dickens also produces some humour from the things Magwich says. For example when Magwich requests that Pip go and fetch him a file and some wittles, however if Pip does not fulfil Magwich’s requests then a young man will cut out his heart and liver, this make the novel more enjoyable for the audience. † You fail and your heart and liver shall be torn out†. Dickens’s effective use of language and words presents us with an understanding of Pip’s fear and isolation throughout the novel. As stated before Dickens uses high-quality description of his characters, this makes them stand out from the rest and become more vivid. I think this is because as Dickens was growing up his father was always in debt and in and out of prison, so Dickens was sent to work at the young age of 12 and Dickens stated ‘They were the most terrible times of my life’. From this I have come to the conclusion that Dickens created Pip from his own experience in life and because Dickens actually lived like Pip, it makes him sound more realistic and believable for the audience. Dickens lived like Pip and experienced the brutal treatment for himself. The novel ‘Great Expectations’ is actually being told by Pip himself, but not as a child, as an adult looking back at when he was younger. This is very effective and is successful language by Dickens, as it gives us an adult opinion and perspective of a child’s life. We know that the narrator is a mature one, because he talks about his childish conclusions of his family by looking at the inscriptions on their gravestones and how his ‘infantile tongue’ could only make out the name Pip from his full name. â€Å"From the inscriptions, I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly†. In the 19th Century children were horrendously mistreated as they were sent to work in dirty, odious factories from the age of 10. At the time orphanages did not exist so orphans were hired by people for odd jobs, who paid them just enough to survive. Convicted criminals were also very neglected at this time. Dickens picked up on this and decided that society needed to change, so Dickens wrote this novel, not only to earn a living and entertain but also to inform and notify the audience about the mistreating of orphans and convicts. He also tried to change society by writing other novels based on the same principal such as Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickelby. Here we encounter a similarity between chapters one and eight, because in chapter eight Pip goes on regular visits to see Miss Havisham who is very rich and cultured. Nonetheless as Pip gets to know Miss Havisham he realises that she is not the person that he expected because when we get to know Miss Havisham we realise that she is quite sadistic and cruel, as she wants to avenge men for her past adversity. Miss Havisham is very rich and cultured so she should know better than to be sadistic and heartless towards Pip. This relates to the opening chapter because in it Pip encounters Magwich the old, ill-fated convict who seems fearsome at the time of the meeting. However as he gets to know Magwich, he realises that Magwich is quite kind and gentle. This is in contrasts with chapter eight because Miss Havisham seems nice but he realises she is cruel and in chapter one Magwich seems fearful but is really kind. Chapters one and eight relate to each other quite well because both Miss Havisham and Magwich are not what they seem to Pip and first glance, this is an example of the old saying ‘Don’t judge a book by its cover’. It is because of Dickens’s excellent choice of words and language that these two chapters relate so well together, and this is something that Dickens does throughout the novel. It is also because of Dickens’s choice of words why his main character is called Pip; because the word Pip means a seed from which things grow. This is true of the text because Pip does grow throughout the novel from a young orphan to a rich gentlemen, so the name Pip is a very interesting name for this novel. The social and historical setting in this novel is in similarity with the real life environment at the time as in the novel Magwich the convict has been very badly treated and is very adverse, this also happened in the environment at the time that this novel was wrote. Also the brutal abuse of Pip the orphan is similar to the exploitation of the orphans in the surrounding atmosphere. By reading this novel we can get a rough idea of the physical abuse that the orphans and convicts suffered at the time, I think this is very useful because it would have been a very good real-life novel. On a whole I think that chapter one of ‘Great Expectations’ is very effective by the choice of language and words used by the famous, experienced writer Charles Dickens. However if we look at chapter one in relation to chapter two I think that chapter one and chapter two go together to make a unit, Nevertheless chapter one is still very successful.

Free Essays on Achiles

War brings out the best and worst in mankind The very best and worst of humanity is brought out during times of war. Gen George S. Patton said once â€Å"Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. It brings out all that is best; it removes all that is base.† (Patton, War as I knew it) These very statements are brought to life to us from our reading of the Iliad. The heroes of Homer’s tale exemplify some of the greatest human traits filial love, piety, loyalty, duty, and honor. It also shows us the wickedness of humanity, selfishness, greed, lust, avarice, and desecration. The Iliad brings all of this together in the story of the Trojan War and its villains and heroes. With Achilles and his quest for personal glory, Hector and his love of family and homeland, Agamemnon and his lust for domination. All of these characters set the stage for one of the world’s first epic tales. Achilles is the champion of the Greeks. He is the greatest warrior to ever live, blessed by the gods and born of an immortal mother. His very name strikes terror into the Trojans and hope into the hearts of the Greeks. Achilles dominated every engagement, but his pride and arrogance cost many lives including his best friend Patroclus. Achilles felt that the leader of the Greeks Agamemnon violated his personal honor. Agamemnon had taken Achilles woman away from him. Achilles prayed that the Greeks would need him in battle and that he would not offer assistance. His prayers were answered and many Greeks died. The Trojans were decisively defeating the Greeks till finally the other generals with King Agamemnon’s approval begged Achilles to return. They offered him wealth, honor and prizes above all others. Still Achilles pride would not allow him to relent his hatred for Agamemnon was too great. He relented to allowing his friend Patroclus to fight and wear his armor to help rall y the failing Greeks. The great Trojan Princ... Free Essays on Achiles Free Essays on Achiles War brings out the best and worst in mankind The very best and worst of humanity is brought out during times of war. Gen George S. Patton said once â€Å"Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. It brings out all that is best; it removes all that is base.† (Patton, War as I knew it) These very statements are brought to life to us from our reading of the Iliad. The heroes of Homer’s tale exemplify some of the greatest human traits filial love, piety, loyalty, duty, and honor. It also shows us the wickedness of humanity, selfishness, greed, lust, avarice, and desecration. The Iliad brings all of this together in the story of the Trojan War and its villains and heroes. With Achilles and his quest for personal glory, Hector and his love of family and homeland, Agamemnon and his lust for domination. All of these characters set the stage for one of the world’s first epic tales. Achilles is the champion of the Greeks. He is the greatest warrior to ever live, blessed by the gods and born of an immortal mother. His very name strikes terror into the Trojans and hope into the hearts of the Greeks. Achilles dominated every engagement, but his pride and arrogance cost many lives including his best friend Patroclus. Achilles felt that the leader of the Greeks Agamemnon violated his personal honor. Agamemnon had taken Achilles woman away from him. Achilles prayed that the Greeks would need him in battle and that he would not offer assistance. His prayers were answered and many Greeks died. The Trojans were decisively defeating the Greeks till finally the other generals with King Agamemnon’s approval begged Achilles to return. They offered him wealth, honor and prizes above all others. Still Achilles pride would not allow him to relent his hatred for Agamemnon was too great. He relented to allowing his friend Patroclus to fight and wear his armor to help rall y the failing Greeks. The great Trojan Princ...

Centers Disease Control and Prevention †Free Samples to Students

HIV is considered as one of the challenges to the life of human and dignity. It gives direct impact on the levels of society and also gives impact on the global economic and social development. It is a virus that directly attacks the immune system. The virus gives negative impact on the white blood cell in the immune system named as T helper cell and makes many copies of it inside the cells. The biomedical concept is taken into consideration and it remains as a dominant concept related with health. It states that the body is a machine that comprises of various parts working together. If one part is not functioning properly, then proper diagnosis takes place and it is healed by taking medicines prescribed by a doctor. Pharmacology is considered as a treatment that is beneficial in the treatment of HIV. It is assessed that to promote biomedical, the alternatives approaches are taken into consideration to heal the problem of an individual. The biomedical approach can be unsuitable for some communities and also it generates the feeling of helplessness and gives impact on the success of the interventions. The concept that is related to health and illness are diverse and also complex as compared to the medical model. It gives the main emphasis on the health of an individual and also it is related to the complete life experiences that are concerned with local and cultural structures. But the biomedical approach heals the whole person by connecting the illness of an individual with the person's social and economic background. The critics are evaluated of this model that the concept is very difficult to analyze and also it remains marginalized and also less recognized. On the contrary, Taylor (2003) states that lay perspective is considered as an important knowledge for the health of the p ublic as it searches the root of illness for giving treatment to a large population if the comparison is made with the individual focused interventions. The medical model creates hindrance in enhancing and creating prevention of the diseases like HIV (Wouters et al. (2016). In the theory of Goffman (1990), it assists to understand that how the stigma is built and how it influences the lives of the people that create the boundaries between those in power and those do not have the power   (Attell,2013). By the power the social inequality is created that lead to creation of social norms. The stigma is formulated that helps to interact with people and also power structure that helps to maintain control of the powerless. Both the theories are taken into consideration in HIV and are concerned to showcase that how negative attitude, abuse are directed towards PLWHA have given direct impact on the progress of treatment and prevention (Ngo et al., 2013). The investigation has highlighted that stigma in health care settings are taken from social power imbalances that give contribution to keep the people away from the treatment of HIV. Also, the patients feel sad and disappointed when they analyzed that the health workers are feeling uncomfortable and also giving treatment in an inferior manner (Rodger et al., 2014).   In Tanzania, there are many discriminatory practices like talking about the HIV status, neglect and also discloses the information without the consent of the patients. Also, it is evaluated that in many countries the health workers disclose the status of HIV patients to their families without giving information to the patients. In most of the studies, harassment and also avoiding the patients who are suffering from HIV positive are the common features that are analyzed. There are many health workers who used protective clothing even when there is no physical interaction at the time of interactions (Matheson et al., 201 3). The literature on HIV and also to access the health services is negative as the evidence is evaluated and also the HIV services were de stigmatizing in various parts of the globe.   Brazil has also taken into consideration the model by PLWHA. For them, it is the supportive structural system that enhances healthy environments and promotes the participation of various groups in the society and also in the government. In South Africa, many people rely on traditional healing. In the prevention of HIV, Aids Activism plays a great role by converting the biomedical approach in the framework of ideologies (Earnshaw et al., 2013). The literature states that for effective control of HIV it is important to have collaboration between lay perspectives and biomedical approach. It is also evaluated that there is no cure for AIDS but it can enhance the life by reducing the level of HIV in the body, it delays the process between the HIV and AIDS. According to the World Bank, There are 60 million people who are living with HIV globally. Also, the treatment has enhanced but as it is analyzed that for every 100 people on treatment, 250 people get infected. The people are only trusting biomedical approach for treatment and care of HIV (Katz et al., 2013). By analyzing the UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, it is seen that in total 7 countries the HIV has enhanced by 25 percent between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, is considered as the area that is highly affected by the epidemic and also it shows the signs in reducing the positive behavior due to the enhancement of the services that are related to the local culture (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS & UNICEF, 2010).The challenges that are given by HIV to the global public health are, the Baum says collective participation fight can be conducted against the disease.   She stated that the community level mobilization is when there is an effective partnership between the structure and the lay people (Campbell & Foulis, 2004).   This is then supported by the farmer who does not consider the dominance of biomedical in health and healing (Norris et al., 2014). He considers that the lay people have an important role in the health improvements and also gives focus on the significance of understanding the experience of lay people for conducting successful interventions. He showed that the health care services should be easily visible to PLWHA .Also; the professional of healthcare should give knowledge about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that enhances inclusion of PLWHA in decisions that gives direct impact on the lives (Wu & Li, 2013). Parker and Aggleton, (2003) also stated that collective participation between the lay people and health structures plays as a successful anti-stigma services (Parker & Aggleton, 2003). It is evaluated that the health structure and PLWHA can be enhanced by involving lay people through advocacy. If the involvement is high of PLWHA, then the focus is given on the principle of PLWA because the situation can be analyzed in an effective manner (Li et al., 2015).     Also, the voices can listen if the needs are showcased by people in the same situation. In the study of Zambia, it is seen that the professionals who are living with HIV are in the position to sponsor for the people who access the services. Baum states that the advocacy consists of public health a practitioner who gives direct influence on the barriers in the health of the public. Literature also states that the concept of health and healing helps to access the services that give treatment and prevention from AIDS (Herek et al., 2013).The biomedical approach is related to the concept of health and illness through science and expertise by giving emphasis on the individual. The lay concept considers health and healing as surrounded by the local, social and cultural structures and also it considers the public health for a wide population. The literature also advises the approach is effective in the prevention of HIV. The arguments give significance on collaborating the models. So there is the need of the intervention programmers so that holistic approach can be developed and also proper understanding should be taken into consideration (World Health Organization, 2016). Before the identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, the principal mode that is considered in the transmission was through the contaminated blood. There are 13,000 cases of AIDS that have occurred among hemophiliacs in the United States. There are two reasons due to which the risk categories are reduced, screening of blood and also to prevent the individual from donating the blood. It is also analyzed that HIV is transmitted through the maternal blood that enters by the circulation of fetal circulation virus at the time of labor and delivery. The postnatal HIV infection can take place via breastfeeding and also include 14 percent of the HIV infections at the time of delivery. The virus can easily enter the body through infected cells. The transmission mode considers the initial cells that encounter virus. Indication suggests that in the sexual transmission   1 variant of HIV Can reduce the frequency in order to pass to the recipient (Brown et al.,   2016). HIV is enhancing in context with the socioeconomic problem. There are many factors that cause poverty, cultural aspects and also it is essential for the rapid and global development of AIDS epidemic. It is a virus that is caused due to the deficiency in the human. It is important to have a proper scientific knowledge that is essential to prevent AIDS. The progress is made in which micro bides are developed and also there is anti-infective medication that is formulated to prevent HIV. It is also important that the development should be supported by the education campaigns that geared women perspective to safeguard themselves and their children from the transmission of HIV (Yusuf et al., 2015).   It is significant that the vaccine development should take place in a proper manner. In the recent scenario, the environmental awareness has attained the attention of the public. The influence is also put on the environmental factors like weather, personal attitudes and also on policies that have infected the life of the persons. In the idea of a vaccine, the edible tissue of transgenic crop plants has also achieved a great success (Emlet et al., 2015).It has a negative impact on the economies of many countries. The magnitude of the demographic and economic impact is reducing the health gains that are made in the last few decades. People with HIV create a burden on the public finance and the major impact was on the health sector. The impact of HIV is on the individuals and also on their families. There are many cases that have resulted in the loss of the income and also enhanced expenditure. The families that are affected by HIV reduce the savings and assets so that the expenditure and income shocks can be attained (Siegel et al., 2015).   It has also reduced the profits and labor productivity due to the enhancement in the AIDS expenditure. ILO evaluates th at thirty-seven million people globally are involved in the productive economic activities are HIV positive. It has also given impact on employment, relationships and also on the social reactions of the community members. HIV has also given impact on the parenthood. It is stated that 70 percent of the parents who are HIV infected taken into consideration that their family planning is over, as it is not possible to bear any more child (Masur et al., 2014).   The children suffering from HIV have a high risk of death and also the direct impact is given on the psychology of the children. The study states that genetic measurements should be straightforward and should also measure the environmental exposure. There are various challenges to overcome the environmental factors. The multivariate models require validation both internally and externally.   The research also investigated that the social and health factor that is related to the HIV infection. If there is a higher rate of prevalence and also the availability is easy of the physicians then the prevention can be made easily by the HIV. If there is a high rate of an adolescent fertility rate that can easily enhance the epidemic. It is also evaluated that HIV gives impact on the family, community, and country (Bennett et al., 2014). It is analyzed that in the countries of central Asia the HIV is enhancing globally, and also it has been driven by injecting drug use. There are various approaches that give support to children who are affected by HIV. It gives direct and indirect impact on the rights of children and also the consequences of the impact can be minimized if the qualities of health and education services are accessed. There are four major principles related to the rights of children: The right to survive and also to protect from the neglection and from abuse, the right to listen and to raise the voice and also the right related to freedom from discrimination. Right based programming is also related to prevention, care, protection and impact mitigation. It focuses on promoting the participation of the children in implementing the HIV programmes (Okoror et al., 2014). The global strategy is taken into consideration so that the guidance can be attained for the orphans and also for the infected children by HIV. The strategies that are analyzed have the aim to: Enhance the capacity of the families so that the protection and care can be given to orphans and to the infected children. It also ensures that the essential services should be given to the orphan and infected children that consist of education and health. It is also analyzed that awareness is essential for creating a supportive environment for the children and also for families who are directly affected by HIV. The strategies are considered as an important aspect that is required for effective care and support (Insight Start Study Group, 2015). There are various policies and practices that have given significant improvement in the lives of the affected children. It consists of policies and laws that hold the property rights of the orphan. The school education is given for free with the subsidiary and the good governance is supported and promoted. Government programs play a significant role in assisting care for people with HIV but it is evaluated that there are some limitations. The limitations are: Some people do not consider the early therapy because of some rules related to eligibility. The goals and the standards of HIV are related to the primary care so that the disease can be monitored and also effective therapy that is based on the clinical indicator for the progression of disease (Cohen et al., 2016). The majority of funds are provided in context with the Care act that is distributed with the community input. The care Act gives emphasis on the role of planning and also in decision making with the involvement of the community and also it meets the needs of HIV. Congress also considered the unmet needs of the communities. In 1999, Congress has given funds to assist a minority HIV people. The main aim of the member of the community is to give a response to the HIV Epidemic (Oni & Unwin, 2015). The congressional Black caucus also played a significant role in creating the initiatives and also to consider the priority of funding. Medicaid is one of the public programs that give drug coverage. Under this, the drug is considered as an optional service that should be provided by the state. There are very important variations to cover the policies from state to state and also to limit the number of prescriptions that are given and filled each month (Breet et al., 2014).   In many states, an individual who is disabled and eligible for the income-related with supplemental income qualifies for Medicaid. The SSI is an income support program that is conducted by the social security administration for low-income group. The program that is related to social security disability gives income support payments to the workers who are considered as disabled. The state gives an offer of providing full Medicaid benefit to the individuals that consist of disabilities and also the income that is more than the income level. The state also considers a certain amount to disregard and also gives focus on determining the eligibility criteria of Medicaid (Deeks et al., 2013). The high ability of the policy refers to collect, analyze and also to use the data and the result of health policy that helps to implement in an effective manner. HPP give strength to the governments, individuals and also to the society to frame the policy to develop and implement to give a boost to the national efforts related to HIV. The biological, behavioral and also structural plays a great role and also there is a higher risk for HIV transmission rather than for other individuals (Hanson et al., 2014). So, it is analyzed that there are many individuals who are affected by the virus. The direct impact is on contracting and also living with the virus is a great challenge for the individual. The direct impact is considered by analyzing the effectiveness of the management program and also it is related to the prevention of new infections. The main challenge is to encourage HIV testing by considering the risk groups and the care should be given who are living with HIV. It is essential to take corrective steps and also to consider prevention methods so that it cannot be spread easily. At the time of prevention, it is essential that physical and psychosocial impact should be taken into consideration of the virus. The policies and procedures should consider the wants of the individuals, families and of the community so that the impact on the various sectors can be addressed properly. Also, it is evaluated that the biomedical and lay perspective approach helps to prevent HIV and also enhanc es the benefits. The holistic approach should be considered that collaborates the model of HIV. It gives impact on lot of the lives of an individual and also through the collective action of the society and also by the national support it can be controlled. Attell,B.K.(2013). Social contact theory: A framework for understanding Aids related stigma. The journal of public and professional Sociology.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., &Blaser, M. J. (2014).  Principles and practice of infectious diseases (8 th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. Breet, E., Kagee, A., &Seedat, S. (2014). HIV-related stigma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in HIV-infected individuals: does social support play a mediating or moderating role?.  AIDS care,  26(8), 947-951. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.901486 Brown, M. J., Serovich, J. M., Kimberly, J. A., & Hu, J. (2016).Psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV.  AIDS care,  28(6), 745-749. Doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1147015 Campbell, C., & Foulis, C. (2004). Creating contexts for effective home-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS.  Curationis,  27(3), 5-14. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ...&Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.  New England Journal of Medicine,  375(9), 830-839. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693 Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., &Havlir, D. V. (2013). The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease.  The Lancet,  382(9903), 1525-1533. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7 Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Chaudoir, S. R., Amico, K. R., &Copenhaver, M. M. (2013). HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework.  AIDS and Behavior,  17(5), 1785-1795. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9 Emlet, C. A., Brennan, D. J., Brennenstuhl, S., Rueda, S., Hart, T. A., &Rourke, S. B. (2015). The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease: does age matter?.  AIDS care,  27(4), 520-528. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.978734 Hanson, M. A., Gluckman, P. D., & Godfrey, K. M. (2014).Developmental epigenetics and risks of later non-communicable disease.In  Hormones, Intrauterine Health and Programming  (pp. 175-183).Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02591-9_12 Herek, G. M., Saha, S., &Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and psychological distress in people with HIV/AIDS.  Basic and Applied Social Psychology,  35(1), 41-54. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746606 Insight Start Study Group. (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.  N Engl J Med,  2015(373), 795-807. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., & UNICEF. (2010).  Children and AIDS: Fifth Stocktaking Report, 2010. UNICEF. Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A. G., Psaros, C., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis.  Journal of the International AIDS Society,  16(3Suppl 2). doi:  10.7448/IAS.16.3.18640 Li, L., Liang, L. J., Lin, C., & Wu, Z. (2015).Addressing HIV stigma in protected medical settings.  AIDS care,  27(12), 1439-1442. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1114990 Masur, H., Brooks, J. T., Benson, C. A., Holmes, K. K., Pau, A. K., & Kaplan, J. E. (2014). Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clinical infectious diseases,  58(9), 1308-1311. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu094 Matheson, G. O., Klà ¼gl, M., Engebretsen, L., Bendiksen, F., Blair, S. N., Bà ¶rjesson, M., ...& Khan, K. M. (2013). Prevention and management of non-communicable disease: the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013.  Br J Sports Med,  47(16), 1003-1011. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093034 Ngo, V. K., Rubinstein, A., Ganju, V., Kanellis, P., Loza, N., Rabadan-Diehl, C., &Daar, A. S. (2013). Grand challenges: integrating mental health care into the non-communicable disease agenda.  PLoS medicine,  10(5), e1001443. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001443 Norris, S. A., Anuar, H., Matzen, P., Cheah, J. C. H., Jensen, B. B., & Hanson, M. (2014). The life and health challenges of young Malaysian couples: results from a stakeholder consensus and engagement study to support non-communicable disease prevention.  BMC public health,  14(2), S6. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-S2-S6 O’Neil, A., Jacka, F. N., Quirk, S. E., Cocker, F., Taylor, C. B., Oldenburg, B., &Berk, M. (2015). A shared framework for the common mental disorders and non-communicable disease: key considerations for disease prevention and control.  BMC psychiatry,  15(1), 15. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0394-0 Okoror, T. A., BeLue, R., Zungu, N., Adam, A. M., &Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2014). HIV positive women's perceptions of stigma in health care settings in Western Cape, South Africa.  Health care for women international,  35(1), 27-49. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2012.736566 Oni, T., &Unwin, N. (2015). Why the communicable/non-communicable disease dichotomy is problematic for public health control strategies: implications of multimorbidity for health systems in an era of health transition.  International health,  7(6), 390-399. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihv040 Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action.  Social science & medicine,  57(1), 13-24. Rodger, A., Bruun, T., Cambiano, V., Vernazza, P., Strada, V., & Van Lunzen, J. (2014, March). 153LB: HIV transmission risk through condomless sex if HIV+ partner on suppressive ART: PARTNER Study. In  21st Conference on Retroviruses and Oppotunistic Infections  (pp. 3-6). 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PhIP can accurately identify known and previously unreported Coursework

PhIP can accurately identify known and previously unreported autoantigens - Coursework Example The paper "PhIP can accurately identify known and previously unreported autoantigens" seeks to affirm the hypothesis that â€Å"PhIP can accurately identify known and previously unreported autoantigens† figure 3 shows seven figure that represent various experimental processes. Key technical issues in the program of work include the accurate and PhIP sequencing and T7 cloning, verifying and analyzing results from human samples with different consenting PND patients. Firstly the human protein and cDNA sequences available are downloaded from the database at build 35.1 of the human genome. Then this cDNA and the proteins are used to construct the library. This procedure involved the proteome wide library and the N/C terminal libraries that were PCR amplified as 23 independent pools with common primer sequences. This process was conducted in a controlled thermal profile. The polymerase chain reaction was then digested and cloned into the T7FNS2 making numerous copies of each peptid e.the cloning process involved the inserting a peptide in the required ORF sequence selected using restriction enzymes. This part is an a explanation of the processes involved in fig 3.d, g, f, c, e Patient A, B and C samples are collected from willing patients approved by relevant medical authorities. The samples of cerebrospinal fluids were kept at temperatures of - 80 degrees Celsius before being used. Before the collection of sample the patients have to undergo various neurological evaluations before the samples.